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Rats and Mice as Companion Pets

General Facts

Rats and mice have long been domesticated, particularly through laboratory research settings. They are inquisitive, quiet, and typically allow gentle handling. Both rats and mice are relatively short-lived species; the average lifespan of a rat is 3 to 4 years, and that of a mouse is 2 to 3 years. Various haircoat colors are available, and even hairless rats may be found in the pet trade. They tend to have alternating periods of activity and rest throughout the day and night.

Diet

Rats and mice are omnivores, meaning that they normally eat a variety of foods from both plant and animal sources. The ideal diet in captivity is rodent chow, available in blocks or pellets. Diets containing seeds and nuts are not recommended as they contain high amounts of fat, inadequate protein, and unbalanced nutrients. Treats may be given, but should be limited to healthy items, such as whole wheat bread, low fat yogurt, fresh fruits and vegetables, and lean protein sources like tuna and chicken. These treats should not exceed 15% of the total diet. Avoid drastic diet changes, as this can lead to intestinal upset.

The pellets or blocks should be dispensed in a metal hopper to prevent contamination. Alternatively, a heavy crock-type bowl may be used. Water should be fresh daily, and dispensed in a sipper-bottle. Rats will often eat out of boredom; hiding treats in cardboard tubes or within a flake of hay is a good way to increase activity and prevent obesity. The food bowl does not always need to be full, but rats and mice do need to be fed daily.

Environment

Rats and mice, due to their size and ability to hide in small places, generally do not lend themselves to free-roaming in the household. On the other hand, they can be allowed to run in a confined area for exercise and human interaction. Some rats have learned to accept a small harness and leash for excursions around the house. Since these animals do not litterbox train, expect some cleaning up afterward. Both species need a spacious cage to provide exercise, entertainment, and safety. For rats, a wire cage with a solid plastic bottom is best. A very large aquarium (at least 20 gallon - long) is probably best for mice, but a wire mesh lid is required for ventilation. Both rats and mice enjoy burrowing, so they should be provided a deep layer of bedding in which to dig. The best beddings are unscented compressed recycled paper or unscented wood shavings, such as Aspen. Avoid pine and cedar shavings as the odor is irritating to the respiratory system. Both species also enjoy shredding up tissue paper, paper towels, unscented facial tissues, and similar items. Cage furniture should consist of an enclosure to hide in, tunnels to go through, and an exercise wheel to run in or some other form of exercise.

All bedding should be changed 2 to 3 times per week due to the high levels of ammonia excreted in rat and mouse urine. The cage itself and the bowls and water bottle should be washed weekly with hot, soapy water.

A small carrier designed for rodents should be purchased for safe trips to the veterinarian or other ventures outside the home.

Medical Issues

There are no vaccinations available for pet mice and rats. Some of the medical problems that rats and mice are susceptible to result from their intensive inbreeding in laboratory situations. However, others may include external parasites such as lice, or respiratory infections leading to pneumonia. Twice yearly veterinary examinations are the best way to catch these problems early.

Signs of illness in mice and rats may include: lethargy, decreased appetite, hiding more than usual, swellings on the body, hair loss, and difficulty breathing. Consult with our hospital right away if any of these occur, or if your pet experiences an injury.

For an appointment at Striegel Animal Hospital, please call (618) 457-4133.